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Hydrocephalus & Spinal Malformations
PptxGenJS Presentation
Prof. Zahid Mahmood
Prof. Zahid Mahmood
1
2026-07-12T04:38:28Z
2026-07-12T04:38:28Z
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بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِIn the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most MercifulPK
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Hydrocephalus & Spinal MalformationsCongenital Neurosurgical ProblemsProf. Zahid MahmoodMBBS, FCPS — General & Laparoscopic SurgeonPK
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Did You Know?The brain floats in cerebrospinal fluid.Too much fluid can enlarge a baby's head.The eyes may point down — 'sunset sign'.The spine can fail to close before birth.Folic acid can prevent these spinal defects.PK
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Learning OutcomesDefine hydrocephalus and its types.Recognise its signs in infants.Outline the treatment of hydrocephalus.Classify the spinal malformations.Explain prevention and early treatment.PK
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Hydrocephalus — DefinitionExcess cerebrospinal fluid within the brain.It collects inside the ventricles.The ventricles enlarge under pressure.It raises the intracranial pressure.Common in infants and children.PK
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Normal CSF CirculationCSF is made by the choroid plexus.It flows through the ventricles in order.It passes the narrow aqueduct of Sylvius.It reaches the space around the brain.It is absorbed into the venous blood.PK
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Types of HydrocephalusObstructive — a block within the ventricles.Aqueduct stenosis is a common cause.Communicating — absorption is impaired.Seen after infection or bleeding.Both raise the intracranial pressure.PK
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Causes of HydrocephalusCongenital aqueduct stenosis.Chiari malformation with spina bifida.After meningitis (post-infective).After brain haemorrhage in premature babies.Brain tumours or cysts.PK
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Features in the InfantThe head grows abnormally fast.The fontanelle is tense and bulging.The skull sutures are separated.The eyes show the 'sunset' sign.Irritability, poor feeding and delay.PK
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Features in Older ChildrenHeadache, worse in the morning.Vomiting and drowsiness.Papilloedema on eye examination.Blurred or double vision.Signs of raised intracranial pressure.PK
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InvestigationsChart the head circumference over time.Ultrasound through the open fontanelle.CT or MRI shows the ventricles.They reveal the cause and blockage.MRI is best for fine detail.PK
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Management of HydrocephalusTreat the underlying cause when possible.A ventriculoperitoneal shunt drains the fluid.It is the commonest treatment.Endoscopic third ventriculostomy suits obstruction.Shunts may block or become infected.PK
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Spinal Dysraphism — DefinitionFailure of the neural tube to close.The vertebral arches fail to fuse.A spectrum of spinal defects results.It occurs early in pregnancy.Folic acid deficiency is a key factor.PK
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Spina Bifida OccultaOnly the vertebral arch fails to fuse.The cord and skin are normal.Often found by chance on X-ray.Skin markers — a dimple, hair or lipoma.May later tether the spinal cord.PK
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Meningocele & MyelomeningoceleA visible sac appears over the spine.Meningocele — meninges and fluid only.The cord is normal; prognosis is good.Myelomeningocele — cord and nerves involved.It causes paralysis and is most severe.PK
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Associated ProblemsHydrocephalus commonly accompanies myelomeningocele.Neurogenic bladder and bowel occur.Lower limb paralysis and deformities.Loss of sensation and pressure sores.The spinal cord may be tethered.PK
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Investigation & ManagementRaised maternal AFP suggests the defect.Antenatal ultrasound and MRI confirm it.Give folic acid to prevent it.Close an open defect within days.Shunt hydrocephalus; manage bladder and limbs.PK
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Take-Home MessageHydrocephalus is excess CSF with raised pressure.Rising head size and sunset eyes in infants.Treat with a shunt or ventriculostomy.Spinal defects range from occulta to myelomeningocele.Folic acid prevents; early closure treats.PK
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AssessmentTen Single-Best-Answer QuestionsPK
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MCQ 1A 3-month-old has a rapidly enlarging head, a tense bulging fontanelle, and eyes that deviate downward. The most likely diagnosis is:A. MicrocephalyB. HydrocephalusC. MeningitisD. CraniosynostosisE. Caput succedaneumKey: BPK
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MCQ 2The commonest congenital cause of obstructive (non-communicating) hydrocephalus is stenosis of the:A. Foramen of MonroB. Aqueduct of SylviusC. Foramen of MagendieD. Fourth ventricleE. Choroid plexusKey: BPK
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MCQ 3Cerebrospinal fluid is mainly produced by the:A. Arachnoid granulationsB. Choroid plexusC. Pia materD. Dura materE. Ependyma of the aqueductKey: BPK
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MCQ 4A child with progressive hydrocephalus needs CSF diversion. The commonest procedure performed is a:A. Lumbar punctureB. Ventriculoperitoneal shuntC. CraniotomyD. Permanent external drainE. Burr hole onlyKey: BPK
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MCQ 5A child with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt develops fever, headache and vomiting some weeks after surgery. The most likely problem is:A. Normal recoveryB. Shunt infection or blockageC. ConstipationD. MigraineE. Otitis mediaKey: BPK
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MCQ 6A child has a tuft of hair and a dimple over the lower spine, with intact skin and normal legs. This suggests:A. MyelomeningoceleB. MeningoceleC. Spina bifida occultaD. EncephaloceleE. Sacral tumourKey: CPK
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MCQ 7A newborn has a lumbar sac containing spinal cord and nerve roots, with leg weakness and a leaking surface. This is a:A. Spina bifida occultaB. MeningoceleC. MyelomeningoceleD. LipomaE. Dermoid cystKey: CPK
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MCQ 8Which antenatal finding suggests an open neural tube defect?A. Low maternal AFPB. Raised maternal alpha-fetoproteinC. Low amniotic fluidD. High blood sugarE. Raised bilirubinKey: BPK
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MCQ 9To reduce the risk of neural tube defects, a mother should take which supplement before and in early pregnancy?A. IronB. Folic acidC. Vitamin DD. CalciumE. Vitamin CKey: BPK
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MCQ 10A newborn with a myelomeningocele is most likely to also have:A. HydrocephalusB. Cleft palateC. Congenital heart blockD. CataractE. Pyloric stenosisKey: APK
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Thank You“The nervous system forgives little and forgets nothing.Protect it early and prevent what you can —a mother's simple folic acidcan spare a child a lifetime of struggle.”Prof. Zahid MahmoodPK
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7/23/19Click to edit Master text stylesSecond levelThird levelFourth levelFifth level‹#›PK
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